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Crop production A branch of agriculture that deals with growing or raising crops such as food , fiber, biofuel or medicinal products is called crop production.   Food is things that people or animals eat. Fibers are thread that can be used for making products such as rope, paper and cloth. A fuel that is made from plant or animal sources is called biofuel . Soil The material on the top of the earth in which plants grow is called soil . Soil texture indicates the mineral components of soil.  Sand, silt and clay are three main components of soil. The ability of a soil to grow crops is called soil fertility . The soil pH is a measurement of the level of acidity or alkali in soil.

Irrigation is the application of water to an area of land through pipes or channels to foster plant growth. To irrigate is the verb form of irrigation (to water – pour water on plants). There are three main methods of irrigation. Surface irrigation (also flood irrigation) Surface irrigation is the distribution of water over the entire field by gravity. Surface irrigation includes furrow irrigation and basin irrigation . Small parallel channels which carry water along the slope are called furrows . Level areas of land, surrounded by earth banks which prevent water from flowing to the next field are called basins.

Dryland farming Dryland farming (also dry farming) is a method of farming for land that has limited moisture. Dyrland farming method is applied in arid or drought conditions. Dryland farming works through a system of tillage , and the use of drought tolerant (also drought-resistant) crops. Crops adapted to dry conditions are called drought tolerant crops . Tillage is the preparation of land for growing crops.  Crop production during a rainy season is called rainfed farming , not dryland farming . Soil Enrichment We can apply fertilizer , compost , manure , or wood ash to the soil to enhance the growth of plants. Fertilizer (also in British English fertiliser) is a natural or chemical substance that is applied to the soil in order to maintain soil fertility and make plants grow well. Fertilizer can be mineral or organic. Compost  and manure are organic fertilizers. Mineral fertilizers are materials (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium) containing nutrients for the norma...

Farms Farming is the business of managing a farm for agricultural purposes. A farm is an area of land where livestock such as sheep or cows are kept and/or crops such as fruits or vegetables are grown. A person who owns or runs a farm is called a farmer. A farm can include ranch, feedlot, barn, pasture, orchard, and field. Feedlot is a type of farm on which livestock are fattened for meat production. Barn is a large building used for housing livestock and for storing crops. Pasture is land covered with grass that is used for grazing. Orchard is an area of land where fruits are cultivated. Field is an area of land where crops are cultivated or livestock are kept.